Lehigh Valley Railroad Historical Society: 2009

The famous Black Diamond Express on the Lehigh Valley

Originally chartered in 1846 to be a transporter of anthracite coal from the vast coal fields of Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley Railroad grew into a major carrier of both freight and passengers between Jersey City, New Jersey, and Buffalo, New York. Its first connection to the Finger Lakes region was in 1871. That year, the Southern Central Railroad, financed by the Lehigh Valley, completed a line primarily for coal from Athens, Pa., to North Fair Haven on Lake Ontario via Owego and Auburn. In 1876, the Lehigh Valley took control of the newly reorganized Geneva, Ithaca, and Sayre Railroad, started by Ezra Cornell of Ithaca. The famous university that he founded in 1865 would fill regular and special trains with college students and their families for decades.

The line to Geneva provided the Lehigh Valley a means to construct their own line into Buffalo, but its grade out of Ithaca to Geneva was too steep for heavy freight trains to travel. A diverging route was planned from Van Etten (then known as Van Ettenville) to Geneva along the east side of Seneca Lake. In 1892, the new bypass was open and the line was also completed from Geneva to Buffalo. The original route from Van Etten to Geneva via Ithaca was now used for passenger trains and local freights.

A large freight yard and locomotive servicing facilities were constructed by the Lehigh Valley in Manchester along their new route between Geneva and Buffalo. Opened on September 1, 1892, the Manchester freight transfer yard was built to transfer and expedite less than carload shipments. Records indicated that it loaded and unloaded more than one hundred freight cars a day. Once recognized as the largest yard in the world, it employed over 1,000 people during its peak of operations. After years of declining freight traffic, the Manchester Yard was closed in 1970. Still standing today are the remains of a 30-bay roundhouse and turntable built in 1916.

During the late 1800’s and into the early 1900’s, the Lehigh Valley built and acquired numerous feeder lines in upstate New York. These included a line north from Ithaca following the east side of Cayuga Lake to Auburn via Cayuga and a bypass around Buffalo for traffic to and from Canada via Niagara Falls. Lines also arose from Geneva to Cayuga, joining the New York Central Railroad “Auburn Road” branch just east of Seneca Falls to cross Cayuga Lake; from Geneva to Naples; from Rochester to Hemlock Lake; and from Elmira to Oneida Lake via East Ithaca, Cortland, and Canastota.

The Lehigh Valley was well-known for its passenger service. With its double track mainline to Buffalo traversing our area, the cities of Ithaca and Geneva had busy passenger stations, both of which still exist today along roadbeds long since removed. Trains such as the Maple Leaf (with connections to Toronto) and the Star traveled the area, but the premier passenger train was the Black Diamond Express.

Before its inaugural run on May 18, 1896, the Lehigh Valley held a contest to name what would be its new luxury train. From over 35,000 entries, the name selected was submitted by Charles Montgomery, a hotel clerk in Toledo, Ohio. The winning entry, the Black Diamond Express, was considered most befitting the premier train of a railroad conceived to haul coal. Running from New York City to Buffalo, the Black Diamond was promoted as a train of luxury. The 315-foot long train was the fastest in their fleet. The Black Diamond had chefs on board who were skilled in culinary arts. Complete kitchens had every facility present for “preparing and serving substantials and delicacies in most appetizing fashion.” Day coaches were outfitted with plush velvet chairs, a large comfortable smoking room, and lavatories for both men and women. The last car seated 28 passengers and included a parlor and an observation platform. It was equipped with plate glass windows at the rear and wicker chairs for passenger pleasure. Initially touted by the Lehigh Valley as “The Handsomest Train in the World,” the roadbed it traveled soon became known as “The Route of the Black Diamond.” Because of its appeal to newlyweds on their way to Niagara Falls, the train was nicknamed the “Honeymoon Express.”

On August 25, 1911, the second worst passenger train wreck in the history of the Lehigh Valley occurred in Manchester. Train Number 4 eastbound out of Buffalo derailed on the Canandaigua Outlet bridge due to a broken rail. One passenger car overturned on its side while two other passenger cars behind it fell off the bridge into the creek bed 40 feet below. A total of 29 were killed and 62 were injured in the wreck.

As with most railroads, trains and tracks began to rapidly disappear on the Lehigh Valley after World War II. Passenger service ended between Ithaca and Auburn in 1948. The Black Diamond and Star made their final runs on May 11, 1959. Early in the morning of February 4, 1961, a blinding snowstorm welcomed the final Lehigh Valley passenger train into Geneva, the Maple Leaf. Given its lateness and the storm, the passing of an era went almost unnoticed.

The Lehigh Valley came under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1962 as a result of years of red ink. With passenger service gone, the track from Ithaca to Geneva was removed in 1963. The double track mainline was single tracked during the mid-1960’s because of declining freight traffic. By the time the Lehigh Valley went bankrupt in 1970, the operating portions of the railroad in the Finger Lakes region were its mainline to Buffalo via Geneva, a branch from Van Etten to Ithaca and north along Cayuga Lake to a power plant near Lansing, and a branch from Rochester Junction near Honeoye Falls to Rochester. Either gone or abandoned were all the tracks that led to places like Auburn, Canastota, Cortland, Naples, and North Fair Haven.

On April 1, 1976, the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) took over operation of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Most of the Lehigh Valley mainline in upstate New York was removed by the late 1970’s. Today, only segments between Sayre, Pa., and Van Etten, Kendaia (former Seneca Army Depot) and Geneva, and Manchester and Victor remain in service.

Manchester Yard Timeline

1891	LVRR Geneva to Buffalo mainline built
1892	VanEtten Junction to Buffalo mainline open; 2nd track completed
1895	Manchester roundhouse damaged by fire, rebuilt, and new oil house built
1896	May 18 - Black Diamond passenger train first run
1912	Two 100,000 gallon steel water tanks installed; Steam pumping plant replaced with electric
1913	A concrete and steel transfer facility of 200 car capacity is built; Entire mainline equipped with telephone train dispatching lines
1916	New engine terminal and a 30 stall fireproof engine house with a 100' turntable built; Machine shop and power plant installed
1918	Locomotive coaling station built, including coal crushing and mixing plant
1927	Additional tracks added to yard
1970	Jobs are ended in the classification yard
1976	Merger of seven northeast railroads into Conrail
1979	Ontario County purchased Manchester to Victor rights; Leased to Ontario Central RR

The Lehigh Valley Railroad
The Lehigh Valley Railroad began in the coal fields of Mauch Chunk (later Jim Thorpe), Pennsylvania. Anthracite coal lay close to the surface and could be mined by hand with pick and shovels. The nearby Lehigh River offered transportation downstream to the markets of New York City and Philadelphia. Development of a good regional network of coal companies, canals, and railroads led to the Lehigh Valley Railroad. The desire to reach the western markets of the Great Lakes led to a mainline stretching 200 miles across upstate New York and other branches serving central New York and the Southern Tier.

The Lehigh Valley Railroad in New York State
Using the lands of the Morris Canal Company and other acquisitions, the LVRR developed many harborfront facilities in NY Harbor and most of the boroughs. A fleet of tugs serviced New York City's docks. In 1895, the LVRR-controlled trains reached Waverly, NY. Coal and freight was transferred to the wide gauge cars of the Erie Railroad for the trip west to Buffalo. The arrival of LVRR trains in Buffalo over Erie trackage in 1876 signaled the start of a significant investment in lakefront development and the start of a Great Lakes shipping fleet. The 1870s saw the LVRR grow to include the Southern Central from Waverly to Owego and Auburn and reaching Lake Ontario at Fairhaven. Another branch connected Elmira, Ithaca, Cortland, Cazenovia, and Camden. Rochester, Hemlock, Naples, and Seneca Falls were served by other branches. In 1918, LVRR passenger trains began using Penn Station.

The Lehigh Valley Railroad in Manchester
Manchester served as a division point and car classification yard from the day the New York State mainline opened on September 1, 1892. As a division point, crews and locomotives were exchanged. Freight cars were switched from track to track, organizing them for delivery to their destinations. Support services included the 30-stall roundhouse, the coaling stations, facilities for ash removal, track maintenance, car repair, a control tower, the yard office, an ice house, and the bunkhouse-restaurant. In 1913, a freight transfer facility was build for less-than-carload (LCL) lots.

The Railworker
Railroading has always been a special kind of dangerous job. With the prestige of working for a railroad came the daily dangers. Injuries and death were always feared. The heavy weight of all railroad items and the speed of the trains created an atmosphere where all employees had to be alert at all times. Male and female employees worked at all kinds of jobs. All kinds of physical and mental skills were needed. There are nearly 100 job descriptions associated with railroading. A suitable memorial to the Lehigh Valley railworkers will be designed and placed at the park in the future.

Auburn Road History
The Shortsville freight station is located along a portion of one of the oldest and most historic railroads in New York State known as the “Auburn Road”. This section, of what is now the Finger Lakes Railway, started existence in the 19th Century as the Auburn and Rochester Railroad. It was chartered in 1836. Construction work was started in 1840 and was finished in 1841. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad was conceived as a link in the chain of eight railroads that eventually joined Albany and Buffalo.

In 1850, a new company named the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad merged the Auburn and Rochester and the Auburn and Syracuse Railroads and work began on a new main line called the Direct between Syracuse and Rochester. The eight individual railroads between Albany and Buffalo were consolidated into the New York Central Railroad in 1853. The “Auburn Road” was then relegated to branch line status, although it continued as an important feeder to the main line for more than a century. Timetables showed that at its peak in the early 20th Century, seven passenger trains in each direction operated over the line daily. Many sections were double tracked, thus allowing for easy passing of trains. Scores of freight trains served a multitude of local industries along the line.

Regular passenger service on the “Auburn Road” was discontinued on May 18, 1958. The line between Victor and Pittsford was abandoned by the New York Central Railroad in 1960. The New York Central Railroad merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad on February 1, 1968, to form the Penn Central Railroad, which declared bankruptcy on June 21, 1970. The Penn Central Railroad was folded into the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) on April 1, 1976. Subsequently the “Auburn Road” was abandoned between Canandaigua and Victor by Conrail in 1979. The section between Pittsford and Rochester was abandoned by Conrail in 1982. On July 23, 1995, Conrail sold the line between Canandaigua and Solvay to the Finger Lakes Railway.

The Lehigh Valley RR Historical Society was chartered under the New York State Department of Education in 1996 to preserve the history, artifacts and memories of the Lehigh Valley and other local railroads. Our membership is made up of former LVRR employees, their families, scale modelers, and more, all with the common interest: the old Lehigh Valley Railroad.Since our beginnings, we have accumulated over 3,000 items, photos, and related paperwork in our archives. We formerly housed our display and archive at the Manchester Village Hall at 8 Clifton Street from 1995 to 2001. Due to our limited space, we could only display a very small part of our large collection.

In October of 2001, we acquired the former NYC Freight Depot at 8 East High Street in Shortsville, NY. This building is approximately one mile south of our future park site on the old LV Main Line in Manchester.Monthly meetings are held on the third Sunday of each month at 3:00 p.m. at the depot building in Shortsville, NY.

Key Dates for the LVRRHS

1996	Chartered as an education corporation by the State of New York
1996	Manchester donates site for memorial park to Society
1997	Declared as a 501.c.3 tax exempt organization by the Internal Revenue Service
2001	Shortsville depot purchased.

LVRRHS Station Museum History
The Lehigh Valley Railroad Historical Society Station Museum is housed inside a wooden New York Central Railroad freight station located along the old "Auburn Road" line in Shortsville, New York. The freight station was built around 1900 and was used as a church and a machine shop before the Society purchased it in October 2001. Many volunteer hours have been spent on developing the current displays of railroad artifacts at the museum. Thanks to those who have donated items for our museum.